The measurement of electrical bioimpedance is a non-invasive detection approach similar to microfluidic cell detection, although it focuses on tissue rather than on individual cells. The technique is widely used for medical purposes, and is complementary to physicochemical and biochemical methods. Applications include bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), electrocardiography (ECG), electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and electrical impedance myography (EIM). In these applications, a weak AC voltage or current signal is applied to the body tissue, which comprises resistive body water and capacitive cell membrane. The resulting current or voltage signal is measured with a phase-sensitive technique to quantify the complex electrical impedance of the tissue.
