LIST OF PARAMETERS DETERMINED USING ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER (MFD. BY MITTAL ENTERPRISES, NEW DELHI-8, INDIA) 1. ABSORPTION, ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION 2. ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE 3. ADIABATIC, ISOTHERMAL, ISENTROPIC COMPRESSIBILITY 4. AVAILABLE VOLUME 5. AZEOTROPISM 6. COHESIVE ENERGY BARRIER 7. EFFECTIVE DEBYE TEMPERATURE 8. EQULIBRIUM CONSTANT AND HEAT OF COMPLEXATION 9. EXCESS ENTHALPY 10. GRUNEISEN PARAMETER, LEGEMANN'S RELATION 11. HYDRATION NUMBER 12. HYDROGEN BONDING 13. INTERMOLECULAR FREE LENGTH 14. INTERNAL PRESSURE AND FREE VOLUME 15. LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION 16. LENNARD JONES POTENTIAL EXPONENT 17. MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS - ION-ION AND ION-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS 18. MOLECULAR RADIUS 19. MISCIBILITY, COMPATIBILITY AND GLASS TRANSITION OF POLYMERS 20. PHASE TRANSITIONS 21. PROTON RELAXATION RATE 22. RAO CONSTANT FORMALISM AND RAO SPECIFIC SOUND VELOCITY 23. RELATIVE ASSOCIATION (R A) 24. RELAXATION TIME AND RELAXATION STRENGTH 25. SPACE FILLING FACTOR 26. SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO 27. SOLVATION NUMBER 28. STACKING CONSTANT 29. SURFACE TENSION 30. THERMODYNAMIC FLUCTUATIONS OF PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME 31. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 32. VAN DER WAAL'S CONSTANT 33. WADA CONSTANT This instrument is used widely for various: 1. Pure Liquids 2. Liquid Mixtures 3. Solutions 4. Organic Compounds 5. Electrolytes 6. Polymers 7. Amino Acids / Proteins 8. Drugs, Blood 9. Milk, Sugar 10. Calcium Soaps 11. DDT 12. Metal Chelates 13. Oils, Fats 14. Lubricants, Petroleum Fractions 15. Seed Germination 16. Nanofluids
Non-Destructive Testing of Material is an important part of Engineering Education as it gives information without deformation in the shape and size of the material. One of the NDT techniques, Piezoelectric Technique is widely used for the measurement of composition dependent properties such as ultrasonic velocity, compressibility, elastic constant, Young’s modulus and Bulk modulus. Its suitability for metals, plastics, polymers and crystals etc makes it versatile tool for Engineering Physics, Material Science and Polymer Science. This low cost NDT apparatus is being used in several I.I.T.s/Universities/Engineering Colleges for laboratory experiments and Research work. In this technique the specimen is cemented to a quartz rod of identical cross section and resonant frequency (f c) of the composite system is determined using the apparatus. The resonant frequency of the quartz rod (f q) is also determined. From the knowledge of f q, f c and the masses of the quartz (m q) and the specimen (m s), the resonant frequency of the specimen f s is evaluated using the relation Using the value of f s, the length of the specimen (L) and the density of the specimen, the velocity of the ultrasonic waves in the specimen (v) and compressibility can be calculated using relations where is density of specimen. Young's Modulus of specimen is calculated using relation INSTRUMENT: It consists of Piezoelectric Oscillator, power supply, quartz rod, holder, quartz rod with sample, connecting cables and R.F. meter.
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Objective: Determination of dielectric constant of solidsTheory: A dielectric is a material having low electrical conductivity in comparison to that of a metal. It is characterized by its dielectric constant. Dielectric constant is measured as the ratio of the capacitance C of an electrical condenser filled
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The Specific Heat of nanofluids decreases as nanoparticle concentration increases. The specific Heat of nanofluids increases with temperature. Thus future research are required to measure thermophysical properties of different nanofluids as a function of temperature and concentration. Our Nanofluid specific Heat Apparatus is a good tool for Research and Laboratory experiment for Nanotech Labs. This apparatus is designed to measure Heat Capacity of nanofluids from RT+5°C to 70°C. The apparatus will consist of following parts- 1. Cooling system like fridge available in the lab. Thermally insulated chamber with heating arrangement and Temperature measurement system as per block diagram. 2. Data logger unit for measurement of Time, voltage, current and temperatures at regular intervals. The power to system will be provided by D.C. power source with specially designed constant current supply to measure power vs temperature rise. The logged table on computer will be displayed as under. Fluid required-250 ml. Sl No.Time(hh:mm:ss)V(volts)I(amp)T(°C) A software will automatically log all parameter, i.e. Power, Temperature vs. time at set interval. Heat capacity within temperature range will be displayed on the apparatus. System will be having USB interface where data can be recorded on a pen drive. Due to continous upgradation, there may be change in the Specification and appearance of the Instrument.
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Objective: 1.Characterization of Nanofluids like Ag/Au & Ferrofluids etc. 2. To evaluate modest nanoparticles concentration in the fluid for significant enhancement of its property. 3. Prediction of enhanced thermal conductivity due to suspension of the metallic nanoparticles with very low concentration in to the polymeric fluids. 4. Study of Phase transition and to detect/assess weak and strong molecular interactions in Nanofluids. Working Principle In this instrument, Ultrasound waves of known frequency are produced by a Piezo-Electric transducer and its wavelength is measured with digital micrometer with high accuracy within ±0.001mm. From the knowledge of frequency (f) and wave length(λ); the compressibility of nanofluid is determined by the following formula: Sound Velocity in nanofluid Adiabatic compressibility Where ρ is density of nanofluid. Thermal conductivity is determined by the following formula:- where N (Avogadro's number) = 6.02×10 23 and V (molar volume) K= (Boltzmann's constant) = 1.3807×10-23 J/K Description The Nanofluid Interferometer consists of the following parts: 1. Wave Generator 2. Nanofluid Cells 3. Temperature Controller Unit. (RT to 70°C) 4. Nanofluids – Chemicals to make Ag nanofluid in various concentrations. Models Model NF-10(2MHz ) Model NF-10X (1,2,3,5,7&10MHz) Model NF-12X (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10& 12 MHz)
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