Advanced method for analyzing graphene oxide
The international research team led by Professor Raul Rodrigez from TPU School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences and Professor Evgeniya Sheremet from TPU School of High Energy Physics is developing new field - optical nanospectroscopy, as well as plasmon and sensor materials development for biomedicine and electronics.
According to Professor Sheremet, the study of unique physical-chemical properties of graphene oxide is still relevant despite many studies in the area. Graphene oxide has a graphene structure with attached oxygen-containing functional groups. The number of these groups strongly influences the properties of the material.
‘The fewer oxygen groups remain on the surface of graphene oxide, the higher its reduction. This criterion influences whether the material will be hydrophilic and a dielectric due to polar groups, or it will be more similar to graphene, i.e. hydrophobic and a conductor,’ says TPU professor.
There are several ways to evaluate the reduction, for example, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy. However, these methods work only with large areas of materials, whereas microregions are required to process graphene oxide to be applied in electronics. Therefore, TPU scientists investigate laser-reduced graphene oxide, the size of reduced areas can be less than several micrometers.
‘We were looking for a method that allowed us to obtain at least micron resolution, such as Raman spectroscopy,’ explains Evgeniya Sheremet.
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was obtained under different laser powers in the range from 0.1 to 10 mW. Then, the researchers investigated reduced areas by using Raman spectrometer and a joint current sensing atomic force microscopy (CSAFM). Raman spectroscopy is widely used for the study of many properties of carbon materials, especially graphene, including mechanical stress, the number of defects, and the type of alloying. However, existing approaches suitable for graphene do not work for graphene oxide since its lattice has a greater number of defects. The analytical methods lose sensitivity in this case.
‘Usually, first-order peaks are analyzed in carbon materials but for graphene oxide, they do not provide reliable results. Therefore, we analyzed the areas of high frequencies and found a clear pattern. The relative intensity of second-order peaks decreases with increasing the extent of reduction. Notably, there is a strong correlation with the conductivity of the material, i.e. we can use Raman signal to assess the reduction of graphene oxide. This is a more reliable method than the earlier proposed ones,’ emphasizes the professor.
Moreover, using nanospectroscopy approaches, this technique can be used for analyzing nanoscale areas.
The correlation between electrical conductivity and second-order Raman modes of laser-reduced graphene oxide
Bing Ma, Raul D. Rodriguez, Alexey Ruban, Sergey Pavlova and Evgeniya Sheremet
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019,21, 10125-10134
DOI: 10.1039/C9CP00093C
Tomsk Polytechnic University
